Brain drain, brain gain or brain sharing?
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چکیده
Scientists have always been ‘sans frontières’, driven by the need to acquire new knowledge and skills and to cooperate with colleagues irrespective of national borders or political divides. In fact, the migration of scientists between countries at all career stages has increased steadily over time. In a related but distinct trend, the incidence of co-authorship reflecting greater international collaboration has similarly been on the upswing. In the USA, a haven for researchers ever since the exodus of European scientists during the Second World War and to some extent before, the number of foreign citizens gaining a PhD has risen from 17% in the 1960s to nearly 40% in 2010 [1]. Almost 60% of postdocs now working in the USA are doing so on a foreign visa [2]. Similarly, in Europe, 43% of postdoctoral researchers in the life sciences are working in a country that is not their place of birth [3]. Until recently, this movement has been more between the EU member states than with countries outside, but growing efforts try to reach out beyond Europe’s borders—the EU–US Science and Technology Agreement, for instance, signed in 1998 has increased cooperation and regular meetings.
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